Class 12 Biology — Chapter 9: Biotechnology : Principles and Processes

What you'll learn

• ▸Core Principles of Modern Biotechnology
• ▸Concept of Recombinant DNA (rDNA)
• ▸Restriction Enzymes: The Molecular Scissors
• ▸Recognition Sequences and Sticky Ends
• ▸Cloning Vectors and Plasmids
• ▸Gene Cloning
• ▸Role of DNA Ligase
• ▸Basic Steps of Genetic Modification

Chapter Summary

--- PAGE 1 --- UNIT IX BIOTECHNOLOGY Chapter 9 Biotechnology : Principles and Processes Chapter 10 Biotechnology and Its Applications Ever since the days of Rene Descartes, the French philosopher, mathematician and biologist of seventeenth century, all human knowledge especially natural sciences were directed to develop technologies which add to the creature comforts of human lives, as also value to human life. The whole approach to understanding natural phenomena became anthropocentric. Physics and chemistry gave rise to engineering, technologies and industries which all worked for human comfort and welfare. The major utility of the biological world is as a source of food. Biotechnology, the twentieth century off-shoot of modern biology, changed our daily life as its products brought qualitative improvement in health and food production. The basic principles underlying biotechnological processes and some applications are highlighted and discussed in this unit. Reprint 2025-26 ---…

Practice Questions from this Chapter

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1. Explain genetic engineering simply. Get Solution →
2. How do plasmids carry genes? Get Solution →
3. Describe DNA cutting tools. Get Solution →
4. Who are the two scientists credited with constructing the first artificial recombinant DNA molecule in 1972? Get Solution →
5. According to the European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB), what is the definition of biotechnology? Get Solution →
6. What is the function of the enzyme DNA ligase in recombinant DNA technology? Get Solution →
7. What is the specific type of nucleotide sequence that restriction endonucleases recognize in the DNA? Get Solution →
8. The restriction enzyme EcoRI is isolated from which prokaryotic cell? Get Solution →

Did you know?

• 💡 Your body contains enough DNA to stretch from Earth to the Sun over 600 times.
• 💡 Every piece of fruit or vegetable you eat contains its own unique DNA.
• 💡 Bacteria use molecular scissors called restriction enzymes to destroy harmful invading viruses.
• 💡 Dolly the sheep, born in 1996, was the first mammal ever cloned from an adult cell.
• 💡 Humans share about 50% of their DNA with a banana.

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